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Corps Battle Simulation - CBS
Sponsor: US Army Program Executive Office
Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEOSTRI)
Major proponents: National Simulation Center (NSC)
Battle Command Training Program (BCTP)
Developer: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
CBS is the Army's premiere constructive training simulation at Corps and
Division levels. It is a geographically and functionally distributed air/land
warfare simulation that drives the U.S. Army Battle Command Training Program's
(BCTP) War Fighter Exercises, as well as command training exercises for the
active Army and the National Guard. The simulation also serves as the Land
Warfare component of various Joint Training Exercises as a member of the Joint
Training Confederation (JTC).
CBS provides training stimuli for all ground forces staff elements from Brigade to Corps, including combat, combat support, combat service support, and fixed
and rotary wing air operations. All Battle Operating Systems are represented:
Maneuver, Command & Control, Fire Support, Air Defense, Combat Service Support,
Mobility / Countermobility / Survivability, Intelligence, as well as fixed and
rotary wing air operations, Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) operations
including Smoke and Chemical Recon and Decon, Special Operations, Civil
Affairs, and Psychological Operations.
The Simscript application models all of the military objects, relationships,
events, and operations necessary to portray these stimuli, as well as a highly
scalable terrain representation. To support operations in the Contemporary
Operating Environment (COE), CBS represents multiple sides, including civilian
factions, whose allegiances evolve over time. As the centerpiece of the
Army Constructive Training Federation (ACTF), CBS will continue to provide the
most up-to-date training environment for the Army's commanders, in concert with
a variety of other legacy and next-generation models.
CBS was the first Simscript model to be ported to the Linux operating system,
and makes full use of CACI's Checkpoint/Modify/Restart (CMR) feature on that
platform. This framework for exercise continuity has become a paradigm in the
real-time constructive simulation community for models and federation
frameworks that require save/restore capabilities, and most operate on a 24x7
basis.
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Army Model Improvement Program - AMIP
A program objective was to develop a hierarchy of models, which enable the army to simulate combat at Theater, Corps, Division, and Battalion Levels.
The AMIP involved the development of a hierarchical family of computerized combat models and data management systems to support Army studies, analyses, research, and training. They represented functional areas by simulating combat, combat support, and combat service support in an adequate, valid, and consistent manner.
During this program, Army-sponsored research was on going in such fields as parallel processing, cognitive process, and knowledge-base systems.
The Army Model Improvement program, as authorized by AR 5-11, designated that, "SIMSCRIPT II.5 will be used as the primary computer modeling language."
The models developed at the different levels are known as the Force Evaluation Model (FORCEM), Corps and Division Evaluation Model (CORDIVEM), and Combined Arms and Support Task Force Evaluation Model (CASTFOREM). Their descriptions follow.
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Force Evaluation Model - FORCEM
U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency; Bethesda, MD
FORCEM provides simulation of all of the air-land activities in a theater of operations over an extended period - up to 180 days. Combat operations are at the division level and all of the combat support and combat service support functions from the port to FLOT are represented. It is a fully computerized simulation used in studies and analysis of force planning and resource allocation issues.
The model provides an average value, two-sided, time-stepped representation of the theater activities. Presently the minimum time cycle is a 12-hour period. The level of resolution for combat units is the division. Combat support and combat service support operations are represented by smaller organizational elements.
Road, rail, and water transport routes are given a network representation. Terrain features are resolved to a grid square; the size of the squares may be set as desired, between 5 and 30 km. Functional sub-models represent the major activities of target acquisition, communications, command and control, division engagement, fire support, air operations, unit movement, and combat service support.
As an average value simulation, without player interaction, command and control is represented by automated decision processes at three levels in the theater: corps, Army group, theater. Assessment of division battle is made through an analytic representation of a division engagement with sets of attrition coefficients calibrated to the results of engagements simulated by an independent division model.
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CORDIVEM
U.S. Army TRAC; White Sands, NM
The CORDIVEM is capable of corps scope, resolved to battalion or company teams, and six to thirty days in duration. CORDIVEM represents the interactions of the various combat, combat support, and combat service support functional areas.
It is used to support design and structure tradeoff analyses of Army organizations, to study alternative operational concepts, to support studies of various weapon and weapon support systems that are organic to major organizations, and to the support the SCORES process.
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CASTFOREM
U.S. Army TRAC; White Sands, NM
CASTFOREM is a stochastic, event-sequenced, opposing forces simulation of ground combat involving up to a Blue battalion task force and a Red regiment. The model can be used in either batch or interactive modes with variable unit resolution down to the individual weapon system level. Resolution of terrain is also variable. Battlefield environments to be modeled include static weather, dynamic obscurants, such as smoke and dust, nuclear and chemical contaminants, and electronic warfare.
All combat support and combat service support units and functions, which interact with and affect the combat activities of maneuver units are represented in the model. The model contains, in the form of decision table, the command control logic to make tactical decisions, which generate orders, reports and request for support. These decision table outputs, in turn, control the actions of units of resolution.
CASTFOREM represents the detailed operations of the combined arms and support task force for periods of approximately 60 minutes. It is used to determine the effectiveness of units and to estimate the level of attrition for personnel and equipment.
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FORCEM Gaming Evaluator - FORGE
U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency; Bethesda, MD
and Harris Corporation; Melbourne, FL
FORGE is a theater-level war-gaming system based on the original FORCEM system. FORGE uses the basic combat/C 2 /movement logic of the systemic non-interactive FORCEM and overlays a graphics-and-menu driven user interface. The objective of FORGE is to allow game controllers to interact with the model at periodic intervals, examine the current "game state", and act as C 2 unit commanders by entering unit orders to override model logic decisions.
This capability allows for more complete scenario control of game and model progress because the model is no longer constrained by pre-programmed logic. The set of orders available to the game controllers at the Theater and Army levels includes: unit assignment and re-assignment; unit posture (attack, defend, delay, withdraw) and unit type-of-operation (hasty attack, deliberate attack, active defense); allocation of priority by unit for CAS, CSS, and Deep Interdiction Air Support; modify Corps boundary; and target enemy airbases.
FORGE allows for one to seven simultaneous game controllers: one overall game controller, and three controllers per Red and Blue side - typically, one Theater and two Army controllers, although Theater and Army C 2 units may be allocated to controllers of a side in any combination. Graphics capabilities include terrain display, boundaries and objective phase lines. Graphical input, via a tablet, includes function selection from the graphics menu, re-draw of unit boundaries and phase lines, selection of displayed units for status in-formation display, Terrain and LogNet toggle, and display zoom or reset.
During the interactive mode, model simulation is temporarily suspended and all controllers may interact by entering new commands/orders, performing graphical functions, and requesting status reports. The concurrent processing functions of SIMSCRIPT II.5 are used to support some concurrent functions, and VAX processes and mailboxes are used to support the simultaneous workstation functions.
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Theater Level Tactical Air Warfare Model - TAC THUNDER
Theater Level Tactical Air Warfare Model - TAC THUNDER
U.S. Air Force Center for Studies and Analyses and CACI Products Company
TAC THUNDER is a two-sided theater-level, stochastic combat simulation and war game. It is designed to assist the analyst studying the impact of policy decisions, such as force positioning, alternative equipment choices, and theater-level tactics.
The model simulates the air war to the level of detail of flight groups on missions. Individual air bases servicing aircraft are modeled. Air-to-air combat is on the flight group level.
Planning for the air war is accomplished by generating air-tasking orders from intelligence collected dynamically in the model. And from air resources, both collected dynamically and input. The missions are flown when aircraft are available.
A ground war is modeled with divisional units. Ground units engage and cause the Forward Line of Troops (FLOT) to move. Logistics are modeled, and the availability of supplies modifies the effectiveness of the units. Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C 3 I) are also modeled, and affect unit effectiveness. Mobility is included and may modify the movement of units and supplies.
The ground war can be attacked from the air. The targets can be units, mobility (choke) points, C 3 I, and supplies in supply bases or convoys. The ground also has air defense and can attack the air. Interactions are computed dynamically.
TAC THUNDER incorporates state-of-the-art modeling techniques that offer high fidelity results to analysts evaluating aircraft systems with alternative munitions, mission areas, force structures and threat scenarios. This model provides the Air Force Chief of Staff for Studies and Analyses with a tool to study the impact of doctrine on strategic tactics and the impact of weapon system parameters on the outcome of conflict. With this tool, the U.S. Air Force is able to conduct the necessary studies prior to commitment of large sums of money for future weapon systems.
The TAC THUNDER Model is continually being upgraded and expanded to meet the needs of current and new users. Two graphics post-processors have recently been added: the TAC THUNDER Situation Map and Grapher.
The Situation map presents a post-analysis or game animation of air and surface movement and attacks. The display of air flights, ground units, flight paths, and targets are user selectable. The Grapher presents user selectable graphics of air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-air, and surface-to-surface combat results. A single analysis or multiple replications can be shown on a single graph.
TAC THUNDER also provides control of ground combat units in the War Game, specific Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and Standoff Jamming missions, and a Rear Area Network for assessing attacks against follow-on forces and re-supply.
The model contains a detailed inter- and intra-theater airlift module and a primitive inter-theater sealift module. Lift modules can be operated in a stand-alone mode or evaluated under simulated combat conditions, as well as in a push, a pull, or a combined (push and pull) supply environment.
Data and maps currently exist for the following regions:
- Eastern North Atlantic
- Mediterranean
- Western Pacific
- Central Europe
- Persian Gulf
- Korea
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Rapid Force-on-Force Analysis Tool - SimForce
CACI Products Company; La Jolla, CA
SimForce is used by the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and agencies in the DOD that are directly supporting arms control. It can help make rapid force balance assessments.
SimForce was developed to allow static assessments based on military judgment. This is accomplished by modifying force values to represent how the forces are used (posture), where they are used (terrain), and other factors such as climate and weather impacts.
SimForce automatically adjusts for "shoulder space" and provides force ratios for forces in contact, as well as, total forces in each attack axis. Most importantly, it allows the analyst to modify when and how to mass forces to obtain the greatest leverage. For instance, you can see the effect of massing air power versus the commitment of ground reserves, thereby giving the commander greater flexibility. This capability to rapidly perform parametric assessments of deployment times and concepts of operation makes it a very valuable planning and analysis tool.
Alternatives Considered: None
Benefits of SIMSCRIPT II.5: Flexibility, English-like code, easy graphical user interface design.
Customer Quote: "By developing SimForce with SIMSCRIPT II.5, I was able to create an application that gives the end user the ability to perform force-on-force analyses without writing a single line of code."
rocess.
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A First Attack Assessment Model - AFAAM
Center of Aerospace Analysis; Colorado Springs, CO
A First Attack Assessment Model (AFAAM) is a one-sided stochastic model, which generates the results of a missile attack by red on blue asset target set. AFAAM was developed to support the NORAD Survivability Study. Blast and thermal damage estimates are calculated using PD Calc, a model developed by the Strategic Air Command, which is embedded in the code as a subroutine. AFAAM will execute on any machine equipped with a SIMSCRIPT II.5 compiler from PCs to VAX and SUN workstations.
The effects of EMP may be studied parametrically by specifying user input as to lethal ranges by type of equipment, hardness factor and yield of the device. A "cookie-cutter" approach is taken; equipment within a given radius of a detonation is presumed destroyed while those outside survive.
There are two required input data streams and one optional one allowing flexibility in executing a variety of scenarios. Either or all can be varied quite readily given that the data sets have been created. These input data streams are:
a. The attack lay down scenario.
b. The list of assets to be evaluated (target-resources).
c. The aircraft locations and dispersal plan (optional).
The attack scenario is based on the launch of delivery vehicles from a given geographical location to intended ground targets. During the flight, the delivery vehicle is evaluated stochastically for launch, cruise, warhead deployment, and detonation failures. An actual ground zero is computed for each successful detonation. A search is conducted to see if any targets are close enough to be damaged by the given size warhead. This search will locate aircraft in flight as well as fixed targets. Damage to targets is computed based on their distance from the actual ground zero and their relative vulnerability. The simulation ends when all warheads have been evaluated for target destruction.
There are extensive embedded diagnostics available to the user that may be used to aid the analyst in performing in-depth analysis of the model's performance.
Customer Quote: "The source code is essentially self-documenting."
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Personal Computer Target Acquisition Fire Support Model - PC-TAFSM
U.S. Army Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate BDM International; Alexandria, VA
PC-TAFSM is a two-side, stochastic, division-level combat model. It represents the functions of unit movement, target acquisition, communications, tactical fire direction, and artillery weapon effects. The effects of maneuver unit fires are not computed, but are input by the user. Unit resolution is to company for maneuver units and to platoon or weapon for artillery units.
Individual sensors are represented. Sensor types include forward observers, aerial observers, remotely piloted vehicles, counter battery radar, flash, sound ranging, Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS), Electronic Warfare (EW) assets, and All Source Analysis System (ASAS). Munition types include high explosive, laser-guided, improved conventional munitions, and smart weapons. Model inputs include data to describe the forces on each side, maneuver units and equipment, fire support units with weapons and ammunition, sensor capabilities, fire direction center capabilities, and the unit movement scenario.
Outputs include a killer victim scoreboard, rounds fired by artillery weapons, equipment/weapon availability profile over time, and summaries of sensor activity and target processing. A typical 24-hour simulation will run in 2 to 7 hours on an IBM PS/2 Model 80.
Alternatives Considered: PC-TAFSM is a scaled-down version of TAFSM, which is written in FORTRAN.
Benefits of SIMSCRIPT II.5: Self-documenting. Relatively easy-to-learn. Translation form design to code is facilitated.
Customer Quote: "We have used PC-TAFSM to analyze the firepower effectiveness of the Howitzer Improvement Program (HIP)."
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Joint Exercise Support System - JESS
U.S. REDCOM; MacDill AFB, Florida
Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena, CA
The Joint Exercise Support System (JESS) is a computerized battle simulation system. It is designed to drive a Joint Readiness Exercise (JRX), which is a joint task force command post exercise (CPX). The heart of the system is an interactive computer model of military field operations. Simulated battle results from JESS are used in real time to provide realistic data to train commanders and staffs in JRXs. This system replaces the manual battle boards that have previously been used in training exercises.
JESS fulfills three major requirements as an exercise driver:
1. Realistic combat effects, combined with the operative aspects of logistics, maintenance and other real-world functions, are coordinated within the model and provided to commanders and staffs being exercised. JESS provides the same information that they would receive from units engaged in actual combat.
2. Efficient exercise control is obtained through the computer simulation. The automated system replaces the labor-intensive manual map boards currently used, and gives the Senior Controller tighter control over the exercise.
3. Enhanced post-exercise analysis can be realized by using the automated system to gather consolidate, and manage the large amounts of data involved in a typical exercise.
A CPX using JESS includes three interacting groups: Blue force controllers, command post personnel undergoing training, and opposing force (OPPFOR) controllers.
The Blue force controllers operate the Blue workstations, interfacing with the combat simulation via the workstation input devices, printers and graphics. The controllers also interface with the command post via unit organic communications. The ability of the controller to portray a combat environment through his reports and responses to orders provides a key element in the realism perceived by the command posts.
The command post units staff their respective tactical operations centers, execute operations plans, and respond to contingencies by communicating with Blue force controllers, who represent their subordinate units.
Under the direction of the Senior Controller, the OPPFOR controllers also interact with the combat simulation. They maneuver and control Red forces to provide active opposition to the Blue forces in a way that contributes to the training objectives of the exercise.
The first use of JESS to drive a U.S Readiness Command exercise was planned for BOLD VENTURE 87. Beyond BOLD VENTURE 87, a number of major new functions will be added, including air and ground combat enhancements, engineer effects, multicorps play, and amphibious and naval/maritime operations. When completed, JESS will be capable of driving joint exercises relating to most conventional missions of the unified commands.
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Combat Sample Generator Model - COSAGE
U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency; Bethesda, MD
The COSAGE model was developed as a successor to the individual, stand-alone models of the AMMORATES methodology. The older models made it difficult if not impossible to simulate the interactions that occur between armor, infantry, and artillery in combat. This desire to simulate the interaction was coupled to two other major factors - the large amount of time required for analysts to interact with the data, and the manual preparation of data that could be computer generated.
The model is a two-sided, stochastic simulation model of combat between two forces. Typically, the Blue side is sized as a division and the Red side is scaled from a fraction of a division to a combined-arms army. The model simulates 24 hours of combat and produces expenditures of ammunition by round type and losses of personnel and equipment. Resolution is typically to Blue platoons and Red companies. In some cases such as close combat, resolution is to the individual equipment level.
The model simulates conventional combat between the ground forces and includes both direct and indirect fire weapons, helicopters, mine fields, close air support and air defense, smoke, illumination, and limited visibility.
The results of the model are used to drive the Wartime Requirements for Ammunition, Materiel and Personnel (WARRAMP) methodology. This methodology supports the U.S. Army Planning Programming Budgeting System.
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Tactical Air-Land Operations Model - COMMANDER
U.S. Air Force Tactical Fighter Weapons Center, Tactical Liaison Office, Fort Leavenworth, and the U.S. Army Combined Arms Combat Development Activity
COMMANDER is an analyses tool for studying the effects of various combinations of tactical air weapons and support systems on the outcome of a dynamic, corps level, combined air/ground arms battle.
The COMMANDER model consists of several activity phases. Tactical ground operations are modeled for both offensive and defensive units, including mechanized armor and artillery. Tactical air operations are modeled, including interdiction, and defense suppression. The model also includes tactical reconnaissance with targeting, sensor configuration, and rediffusion. Modeling air defense operations include target acquisition, TEL allocation, missile and equipment availability, and damage assessment.
The model provides graphical displays of battlefield combat measures including location, momentum, and position certainty. It also has calculation routines for generating and updating measures of unit mass momentum and battlefield stress.
The user has control over forces, including the capability to change tactical plans during the course of a game.
COMMANDER was developed as a tool for joint studies of the total tactical air and ground environment, enabling simulation of command level decisions on the battlefield.
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Vector In Commander - VIC
U.S. Army TRAC - WSMR; White Sands, NM
VIC is a computerized, analytical, mid-intensity model developed for use in estimating net assessments, performing force deployment studies, and generating information for performing tradeoffs among weapon systems. The outcome of force interactions is determined in terms of the ground gained or lost and the attritions of personnel and weapon systems.
The level of aggregation is the maneuver battalion or its equivalent. It employs forces up to the level of a U.S. corps facing an enemy of strength determined by the scenario and theater in which the simulation takes place. It uses modified differential equations for combat outcomes based upon the VECTOR-2 model. Tactics are supplied by the user to provide flexibility in controlling model processes. Each side may employ maneuver units, weapon systems, and weapons of tactical aircraft, as well as artillery, mines, helicopters, air defense systems, and other means of conducting combat at the U.S. corps level.
The model will accommodate any theater depending on the database and includes land, air, and space (overhead to land). The environment is represented by grid square and representation contains trafficability and intervisibility information.
The user inputs forces and supply inventories, basic weapons performance data, other system performance data, geographic and terrain data, and tactical decision tables.
The results of a simulation run include casualties and system losses (killer/victim scoreboards, etc.), FLOT traces and force positions over time, target acquisition and intelligence summaries, availability and condition of forces and supplies, and air battle and air defense results.
Studies agencies and study applications for which the model has been used include: AFV, DEEP FIRES, BF90, FAADS, LHX, and CAMAA.
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Tactical Air/Land Operations Simulator - TALON
U.S. Air Force Center for Studies and Analyses; Washington, DC
The TALON system provides capability for modeling ground combat, battlefield reconnaissance, air strike allocation, and air strike impact on ground combat.
Originally designed at Headquarters, USAF under the Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, to provide a computerized methodology for addressing reconnaissance force size/mix issues, the program has subsequently been applied to a much broader range of tactical questions, including effects of reconnaissance strategies, sorties rates, systemic delays and the impact of air operations on draw down of forces and the outcome of the ground battle.
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Tactical Alternative Responses - STAR
Naval Postgraduate School and the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine
Command (TRADOC)
Simulation of Tactical Alternative Responses (STAR) is a stochastic, discrete event, combined arms warfare simulation. STAR uses the set owner, set, set member structure of SIMSCRIPT II.5 to represent the hierarchical structure of combat forces.
Combat takes place on an NPS-developed functional terrain model, which directly represents the terrain at every point on the battlefield, and permits elements to be positioned at and perform all functions from, any point on the battlefield. The model is capable of simulating combat of direct-fire, land combat weapon systems. An air-air defense module models rotary wing and fixed wing air assets, and cannon and missile air defense systems. A field artillery module simulates cannon and rocket artillery, forward observer and radar target acquisition, and explicitly models the field artillery flow of information and decision making process.
The model represents combat at the individual element level, such as tank, howitzer, helicopter, and anti-tank guided missile gunner.
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Joint Theater Level Simulation - JTLS
U.S. Readiness Command, the U.S. Army War College, and the U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Joint Theater Level Simulation (JTLS) system is an interactive, multi-sided (10) model used to simulate joint and coalition forces operating simultaneously in the air, land, and water environments. The JTLS Executive Overview provides a general description of JTLS’s programmatic history, standard hardware, software, and functional capabilities.
The JTLS system consists of six major software programs and numerous smaller support modules that interoperate to prepare scenarios, execute model processes, and analyze the results. The model is theater-independent and does not require programming knowledge to effectively execute. JTLS was originally conceives as a tool for the development and analysis of operation plans (OPLANs) but has excelled as a CAX support tool, senior staff training facilitator and support system analysis capability. The JTLS system operates on a single computer or on multiple computers, either at single or at multiple distributed sites. It is reconfigurable on the fly. Its web based capability allows users to access JTLS from anywhere they can access the Internet.
Model features include Lanchester attrition algorithms for certain ground combat operations, and detailed modeling of logistics, air, ground and naval forces. The forces can be either military or civilian or a mixture. The JTLS system includes software designed to aid in scenario (database) preparation and verification; entering game orders; and obtaining situational information from graphical displays, messages, and status boards. It has been used for OPLAN analysis and scenarios dealing with homeland defense scenarios, smuggling, terrorism and natural disasters.
More information about JTLS is available from the Wikipedia, Google and www.ROLANDS.com.
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Return Combat Model - RETCOM
U.S. Army TRADOC Systems Analysis Activity
The Return Combat Model (RETCOM) was developed to perform reliability, availability, and maintainability analysis.
RETCOM is a stochastic, event model that simulates the operation of a single system type, for example, the M60A1 tank or the M113. The systems under study belong to peacetime or combat force engaged in a series of activities and missions. Examples of such activities are offense, rearm/refuel, defense, road march, retrograde, FTX, and gunnery training.
During the performance of missions under simulated wartime conditions, the systems in the force are allowed to incur mission-abortive combat damage. Mechanical failures and deferrable failures may be simulated, as well as repair and return to the force. Combat between opposing forces is not simulated in the same way as conventional force-on-force models. For example, in RETCOM, all Blue weapon firings generate maintenance requirements rather than Red casualties.
RETCOM's operation is controlled primarily by the series of missions or scenarios the force is programmed to perform.
The scenario dictates the amount of system utilization that will be experienced. Utilization generates the maintenance demands, mechanical breakdowns and combat attrition.
The modeling resolution of any facet of the simulation, for example, system scenario, or support, can be as great as input data permit.
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Sortie Generation Model - SGM
Support System Modeling Group, Northrop Aircraft; Los Angeles, CA
The Sortie Generation Model is a discrete-event simulation model of tactical fighter operation at the theater level. The model evaluates the impact of aircraft design characteristics and support alternatives on combat capability. Due to its flexibility, the model accommodates various aircraft and support structures, including complex scenarios emphasizing mobility. Both conceptual Year 2000 and current scenarios are easily managed in the model.
Aircraft behavior and air base operations are simulated in SGM. Mission-capable aircraft perform sorties depending on the user-defined mission schedules and flight formation constraints. Mission capability can be constrained by resource availability, operational parameters, base repair capability, and the inherent design of the aircraft. Combat conditions and air base destruction can also affect the availability of aircraft and resources.
Model inputs and constraints include the following:
1. Operational Parameters
2. Aircraft Design Characteristics
3. Resource Allocation (Spares/Manpower/GSE/Fuel/Weapons)
4. Service times
5. Mission Information Schedules
6. Support Structure
7. Operating Base Mobility Criteria
8. Attrition Rate/Damage to Loss Ratio
9. Site Destruction Probabilityv
Relevant statistics are collected throughout the simulation for daily and summary reports. These reports provide data on "aircraft" performance (number of sorties), effectiveness of maintenance, personnel utilization, and resource consumption.
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A Sub-on-Sub Simulation - ASOSM
Naval Forces Division, OASD; Washington, DC
ASOSM is a two-sided, symmetric 3000-line model used to evaluate candidate submarines, sensors, and weapons in key antisubmarine roles. It is designed for analysis of "one-on-one" submarine engagements.
The model permits analyses based on ambient noise and propagation loss data for 20 ocean areas, summer and winter seasons, 3 receiver depths, and target depths. Long term and short term environmental effects are also modeled.
In a one-on-one engagement, you can model BLUE attacker versus RED defender, RED attacker versus BLUE defender, BLUE versus BLUE, etc. You can mix and match weapons and sensors in any way imaginable (e.g. a wide-aperature array on a RED sub). The model is primarily used for conventional warfare, but modeling nuclear weapons is possible.
The model supports analysis of the following submarine missions: fixed barrier patrol, aided area search, unaided area search, transit area, and leave area. It has a fairly high degree of detail for submarines, sensors, and weapons. Processes are used to model submarine tactics, sensor performance, weapons use, boundary constraints, status display, and ocean noise fluctuations. Sonar equations are modeled in detail.
Inputs include secret data files for submarine self-noise, tactical speeds, sensor performance parameters, and weapons characteristics as well as ambient noise and propagation data loss.
Outputs include a graphical display of engagements as they progress using
SIMGRAPHICS, a final report that summarizes model inputs (scenario) and results for all replications, and optional events summary and detection report.
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METACREW
U.S. Army CECOM and Honeywell, Advanced System Facility
As the Joint STARS (Army) Ground Station Module (GSM) evolves in new directions, fundamental questions of crew size and configuration, and human-computer interface design continue to be examined. Essential to the Army's GSM development program is an understanding of the relationships of these operator and crew variables to overall system mission performance.
The Metacrew simulation was developed out of this need for a tool that could examine, in a time-efficient manner, the relationship of these operator variables to overall system performance under a wide range of battlefield and mission conditions.
The foundation of the Metacrew simulation is an empirical model of Joint STARS Ground Station operator behavior. The model depicts the normal sequential flow of target processing activities, tasks and decisions, as the crew members work and interact with one another to interpret the moving target sensor data collected by the Joint STARS and other moving target sensor platforms.
A driver scenario provides the stimuli for this operator model. The scenario depicts targets moving on the battlefield and generates special requests for information from the supported commander. Scenario events are selected for processing by the operator model according to the mission that has been assigned by the simulation user. The time required by the crew to process a target event is determined by their nominal performance capabilities and the number of scenario events competing for their attention at any one time. Work timelines for individual operators are recorded throughout the exercise. Crew and system performance are described in terms of a variety of mission-related information throughput measures.
The Metacrew simulation has been validated against the performance of experienced Joint STARS Ground Station operators at USAICS, Ft. Huachuca, AZ. In these validation trials, the simulation was shown to account for 76-96% of the variance in the performance of real operators. Further, the simulation was shown to respond to workload challenges in a manner similar to actual operators. It is currently being used to analyze alternative ground station crew and deployment configurations.
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Tactical Air Combat Maneuver - TACM
Defense Systems, Inc.; McLean, VA
TACM portrays a many-versus-many engagement of interceptors with a tactical strike group, including supporting fighters. The model supports analysis of the effectiveness of interceptor and escort speed and maneuverability, various interceptor approach geometries, the strike group's disposition of its escorts, AIM weapon parameters, the engage/parry strategy of the escorts, clear-to-fire inhibitions on interceptors and escorts, sensor parameters and telltale reporting by AEW/AWACS in support of the strike group.
Detail and complexity of the TACM model design have been deliberately held to the minimum commensurate with its objectives in order to provide run-time simplicity and speed. The model carries action through repeated firing attempts of the interceptors and parries by the escorts, but does not proceed to analyze any dog-fighting evolutions beyond two-dimensional flight. Curvilinear flight paths and relative motion are followed in detail during maneuver, but not the level of aerodynamic energy transfer.
The model is designed as a hybrid time-step-event-sequence simulation, with a two-stage time-step interval (long cycle until first attack turn starts, then shifting to short cycle). Geography is represented as a plane surface, with all aircraft positions in x-y coordinates. Differential aircraft altitudes are used in evaluation target signatures and sensor swept volumes for detection purposes. Aircraft speed changes are rendered instantaneously, but flight paths are represented as "true" curves with resultant dynamic relative motion changes.
The strike group, escorts and interceptors are all treated as individual aircraft with identifying "tail numbers". Each aircraft starts from a specific x-y location with its own heading and speed. Each escort is assigned a formation station on the basis of an offsetting relative range and bearing from the strike lead. Each interceptor has an "activate time" in the simulation, at which time his intercept starts toward his specifically assigned target, most likely, a member of the bomber group. Interceptors are aimed individually at ranges and bearing offset relative to their targets. All starting positions, speeds, activate times and interception targets are set by user-specified inputs.
An interceptor proceeds via collision intercept path to the initial aiming point, offset to his target, and then converts to a pursuit attack path. By choice of the offset specification, the user may make the intercept virtually pure collision, round-house, up-the-tail, down-the-throat, or other mode.
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NUC-STRATEGYST
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Force Structure (J-8); Washington, DC
NUC-STRATEGYST is a deterministic optimization resource allocation model that positions percentages of defensive resources in response to a posited strategic attack by nuclear weapons. It determines optional BLUE defensive strategies in reaction to RED offensive strikes (or conversely).
RED strategies are determined in terms of offensive weapon system allocations. BLUE strategies are defined in terms of defensive resource allocations (ABMs, shelters, space-based platforms, transportation, detection systems, funds, etc.). It employs game theory and linear programming to calculate a solution and differential equations to evaluate the results. The model is fast, responsive, easy to use, and new.
Forces are composed of numbers of offensive, strategic ballistic missiles and defensive ABMs. The model provides for Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) defensive measures. It addresses defensive resource allocations juxtaposed against a postulated strategic strike.
Scenario development requires targets and target complexes. Users organize these target collections into strategies by designating offensive strikes and defensive resource levels. The model also requires Lanchester type attrition coefficients, target acquisition, and damage expectancy probabilities. Target worth's are required as well.
Two-person, zero-sum game theory is applied to determine an optimal strategy. A mixed strategy is indicated in the event that a saddle-point does not exist. The methodology employs a system of Lanchester type differential equations to determine the number of incoming strategic weapons that penetrate the defending antiballistic missile systems.
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SIMSCRIPT II.5: MILITARY OPERATIONS